September 13, 2012 
Research helps clarify how minerals grow and disintegrate
RICHLAND, Wash. - Rust - iron oxide - is a poor conductor of electricity, which is why an electronic device with a rusted battery usually won't work. But electrons do move through iron oxide - on seemingly geologic timescales. Now, scientists explain how electrons do this and provide the strongest evidence yet for the leading theory of such movement, a type of semiconduction. Published in Science, the work forms a new foundation for understanding how iron oxide cycles through the earth.
Most iron oxide is in the form of rocks and minerals. Rocks grow and disintegrate via electrons, which control whether passing iron atoms stick and build up the surface or internal ones fall off and break the surface down. What happens depends in part on how fast electrons move through the minerals, something scientists haven't really been able to measure because iron oxide is not a good electrical conductor - extra electrons are tightly trapped in the solid, hardly allowed to move.
The scientists, led by geochemists Kevin Rosso at Pacific Northwest National Lab and Benjamin Gilbert at Berkeley National Lab, explored electrons moving through nanoparticles of iron oxide in various mineral forms such as hematite and maghemite. The work showed the electrons reside in divots called polarons - a little distortion in the otherwise uniform lattice framework caused by the electron's negative charge. And they hop from one divot to the next when they get hot enough, taking anywhere from one to 5 hops per nanosecond through the iron oxide.
Researchers performed theoretical work at EMSL, the DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab on the PNNL campus, that showed how the polaron model faithfully reproduced the experimental data collected at Berkeley Lab.
Click here to read the entire news release from Berkeley National Lab.
Reference: Jordan E. Katz, Xiaoyi Zhang, Klaus Attenkofer, Karena W. Chapman, Cathrine Frandsen, Piotr Zarzycki, Kevin M. Rosso, Roger W. Falcone, Glenn A. Waychunas, Benjamin Gilbert. Electron Small Polarons and Their Mobility in Iron (Oxyhydr)oxide Nanoparticles, Sept. 7, 2012, Science, doi: 10.1126/science.1223598.
Tags: Energy, Fundamental Science, EMSL, Chemistry
EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab, is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the D.O.E.'s Office of Science. Located at Pacific Northwest National Lab in Richland, Wash., EMSL offers an open, collaborative environment for scientific discovery to researchers around the world. Its integrated computational and experimental resources enable researchers to realize important scientific insights and create new technologies. Follow EMSL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Lab address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. PNNL employs 4,700 staff, has an yearly budget of nearly $1 billion, and has been managed for the D.O.E. by Ohio-based Battelle since the laboratory's inception in 1965. For more, visit the PNNL's News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
