Lake Erie's algal bloom off of Toledo Ohio as seen from satellite image from U.S.G.S. on August 1, 2014. (Credit: Photo courtesy USGS.)
N.O.A.A. has joined forces with NASA, the E.P.A., and U.S.G.S. to transform satellite data designed to probe ocean biology into information that will help protect the American public from harmful freshwater algal blooms.
The new $3.6 million research multi-agency effort is designed to be an early warning system for toxic and nuisance algal blooms in freshwater systems by using satellites that can gather color data from freshwater bodies during scans of the Earth. Based off this information, state and local agencies can provide the public with public health advisories. In addition, the plan will enhance the understanding of the environmental causes and health effects of these cyanobacteria and phytoplankton blooms in the United States.
These blooms are a global environmental problem. Under certain environmental conditions, algae naturally present in marine and fresh waters rapidly multiply and may create a toxic bloom causing human and animal health risks. Cyanobacteria is of particular concern because it produces toxins that can kill wildlife and domestic animals and cause illness in humans through exposure to contaminated freshwater and the consumption of contaminated drinking water, fish or shellfish.
"Observing harmful algae is critical to understanding, managing, and forecasting these blooms," said Holly Bamford, Ph.D., acting assistant secretary of business for conservation and management, and deputy N.O.A.A. administrator. "This collaboration will assure that NOAA's efforts will assist the coastal and inland public health officials and managers across the country to distribute this information to the community in an easily understandable fashion, making them more resilient to environmental events."
The yearly cost of U.S. freshwater degraded by harmful algal blooms is estimated to be $64 million in additional drinking water treatment, loss of recreational water usage, and decline in waterfront real estate values. In August 2014, local officials in Toledo, Ohio, banned the use of drinking water supplied to in excess of 400,000 residents after it had been contaminated by an algal bloom in Lake Erie.
"EPA researchers are developing important scientific tools to help local communities respond quickly and efficiently to real-time water quality issues and protect drinking water for their residents," said E.P.A. Administrator Gina McCarthy. "Working with other federal agencies, we are leveraging our scientific expertise, technology and data to create a mobile app to help water quality managers make important decisions to reduce negative impacts related to harmful algal blooms, which have been increasingly affecting our water bodies due to climate change."
"Harmful algal blooms have emerged as a significant public health and economic issue that requires extensive scientific investigation," said Suzette Kimball, acting U.S.G.S. director. "USGS uses converging lines of evidence from ground to space to assess changes in water quantity and quality, ecosystems, natural hazards, and environmental health issues important to the nation."
The new network will build on previous N.A.S.A. ocean satellite sensor technologies created to study the global ocean's microscopic algal communities, which play a major role in ocean ecology, the movement of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ocean, and climate change. These sensors detect the color of the sunlit upper layer of the ocean and are used to create indicators that can help identify harmful algal blooms.
"The vantage point of space not only contributes to a better understanding of our home planet, it helps enhance lives around the world," said N.A.S.A. Administrator Charles Bolden. "We're excited to be putting NASA's expertise in space and scientific exploration to work protecting public health and safety."
N.O.A.A. and N.A.S.A. have pioneered the use of this satellite data for monitoring and forecasting harmful algal blooms. Satellite data allows for more frequent observations over broader areas than water sampling. The data also supports NOAA's existing harmful algae forecasting systems in the Gulf of Mexico and Great Lakes.
"Observations from space-based instruments are an ideal way to tackle this type of public health hazard because of their global coverage and ability to provide detailed information on material in the water, including algal blooms," added Paula Bontempi of NASA's earth science division.
The 1st step in the five-year plan will be creating a reliable, standard method for identifying cyanobacteria blooms in U.S. freshwater lakes and reservoirs using ocean color satellite data. Several satellite data sets will be evaluated and tested against environmental data from these water bodies.
Ocean color satellite data are currently accessible to scientists, but are not routinely processed and produced in formats that can meet the needs of state and local environmental and water quality managers. This plan will convert the satellite data on cyanobacteria blooms developed by the 4 partner agencies to a format that the public can use through a mobile devices and web portals.
The plan also includes a research component to enhance understanding of the environmental causes and health impacts of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton blooms across the United States. Blooms in lakes and estuaries result from aquatic plants receiving excess nutrients from watershed runoff, as well as other environmental conditions such as temperature and light. Some land uses, such as urbanization or modernized agricultural practices, change the amount of nutrients and sediment delivered in watersheds, which can influence cyanobacterial growth.
Researchers will compare the new freshwater algal bloom satellite data with satellite records of land cover changes over time to look at which land-use activities may have caused environmental changes linked to the frequency and intensity of observed blooms. The results will help to develop better forecasts of bloom events.
NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels.
