Different traps are used in different fisheries. Here, a derelict blue crab trap from the Chesapeake Bay still contains crabs. (Credit: NOAA)
Thousands of fishing traps are lost or abandoned each year in U.S. waters and become what are known as derelict traps, which continue to catch fish, crabs, and other species such as turtles. These traps result in losses to habitat, fisheries, and the watermen who depend on the resources -- losses that are largely preventable, according to a newly published N.O.A.A. study.
The report, published in the Marine Pollution Bulletin, is the 1st of its kind to examine the derelict fish trap problem, and so-called "ghost fishing," nationally, and recommends actions to better manage and prevent it.
"Before this report, the marine debris community lacked comparable data on derelict traps," said Courtney Arthur, research specialist for NOAA's Marine Debris Plan and lead author of the study. "We had different pieces of information, but not a whole picture. This paper connects those pieces and identifies areas where we need to focus our efforts."
Traps degrade the longer they are in the water. A derelict blue crab trap is fouled after 5 months in the Chesapeake Bay. (Credit: NOAA)
The report looks at the results of 7 NOAA-funded studies in different fisheries across the U.S., and compares the severity of the problem, and common management challenges across the regions. It also reports certain findings from the studies for the 1st time in peer-reviewed literature, such as estimates of derelict trap numbers and how long they remain in the environment.
"People may not realize that derelict traps can catch not just the target species of the fishery, but also other animals including threatened and endangered species where populations are already very low. Derelict traps can also harm sensitive habitats like coral reefs and salt marsh so they have a bigger impact than might be anticipated," said Ariana Sutton-Grier, Ph.D., NOAA's National Ocean Service ecosystem science adviser and co-author of the study.
Scientists assess a derelict lobster trap in Florida. (Credit: NOAA)
Researchers concluded that derelict traps have a cumulative, measurable impact which should be considered in fishery management decisions. They identified several key gaps in research and suggested a management strategy that emphasizes a collaborative approach, including:
"By providing this comprehensive study, we allow resource managers to make more informed decisions that make sense for them and for the fishing industry," said Holly Bamford, Ph.D., assistant N.O.A.A. administrator for the National Ocean Service and a co-author of the report. "Marine debris is a continued threat to resilient ecosystems and navigation safety, and by working together we can find better solutions to keep coastal communities, economies and ecosystems healthy."
A trap found in the U.S. Virgin Islands with extensive coral growth. (Credit: NOAA)
Fisheries in the study include the Dungeness crab fisheries in Alaska and Puget Sound; the blue crab fisheries in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina; the spiny lobster fishery in Florida; and the coral reef fish fishery in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
All 7 fisheries contained derelict traps, with average numbers ranging from 5 to 47 traps per square kilometer. Further, between 5 and 40 percent of all the derelict traps examined showed evidence of ghost fishing. The length of time a trap continued to ghost fish depended on the environmental conditions and trap design, but in every fishery, ghost fishing occurred longer than anticipated based on assumptions about gear degradation.
Since 2005, the N.O.A.A. Marine Debris Plan has worked with partners, including fishing communities and researchers, to better understand derelict fishing traps and their impacts in important fisheries across the nation. Many of these investigations were conducted by N.O.A.A. staff from the N.O.A.A. Chesapeake Bay Office, the Southeast Fisheries Science Center, and NCCOS's Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, and represent an effort to enhance NOAA's marine debris knowledge and capabilities.
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