Pillar coral stand in the Upper Keys with blue-headed wrasse (yellow fish)
Download here. (Credit: NOAA.)
In compliance with a federal court ordered deadline, and consistent with existing international protections, N.O.A.A. Fisheries announced today that it is proposing Endangered Species Act (ESA) listings for 66 coral species, including 59 in the Pacific and 7 in the Caribbean. This science-based suggestion is more limited than the 2009 original petition that led to a settlement arrangement and the court order. In order to ensure robust input, N.O.A.A. has been engaging the public since the process began 3 years ago. Before this suggested listing is finalized in late 2013, there will be a 90-day public review period during which N.O.A.A. will hold 18 public meetings.
Earlier this year, the President directed that any potential future designations of critical habitat carefully consider all public comments on relevant science and economic impact, including those that suggest methods for minimizing regulatory burdens. Therefore, any potential future critical habitat designation in connection with today's suggested listing will include a full analysis of economic impact, including impact on jobs, and to the extent permitted by law, adopt the least burdensome means, including avoidance of unnecessary burdens and costs on states, tribes, localities, and the private sector of promoting compliance with the ESA. As this process moves forward, N.O.A.A. will work with stakeholders to minimize any potential impacts of possible future action on the economy and jobs and, in particular, on construction, fishing, farming, shipping, and other important sectors.
Elkhorn coral is an icon of the Florida Keys, but was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2006.
Download here. (Credit: NOAA.)
"Healthy coral reefs are among the most economically valuable and biologically diverse ecosystems on earth," said Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D., under secretary for business for oceans and atmosphere and N.O.A.A. administrator. "Corals provide habitat to support fisheries that feed millions of people; generate jobs and income to local economies through recreation, tourism, and fisheries; and protect coastlines from storms and erosion. Yet, scientific research indicates that climate change and other activities are putting these corals at risk. This is an important, sensible next step toward preserving the benefits provided by these species, both now and into the future."
N.O.A.A. is proposing 7 species as endangered and 52 as threatened in the Pacific, and 5 as endangered and 2 as threatened in the Caribbean. In addition, the agency is proposing that 2 Caribbean species already listed under the Act be reclassified from threatened to endangered. N.O.A.A. is seeking public review on the suggested listing before making a final listing decision by December 2013.
Corals have measurable economic value for communities around the world. One independent study reported that coral reefs provide approximate $483 million in yearly net benefit to the U.S. economy from tourism and recreation activities and a combined yearly net benefit from all goods and services of about $1.1 billion. N.O.A.A. also estimates the yearly commercial value of U.S. fisheries from coral reefs to be in excess of $100 million; reef-based recreational fisheries generate an additional $100 million annually.
Listing species as endangered does not prohibit activities like fishing or diving, but prohibits the specific "take" of those species, including harming, wounding, killing, or collecting the species. It also prohibits imports, exports, and commercial activities dealing in the species. These protections are not automatic for species listed as threatened, but can be established for them as well. Furthermore, if species are eventually listed, N.O.A.A. will consult with other federal agencies that permit plans that may harm corals to help avoid further damage. The consultation process allows N.O.A.A. to work with federal agencies and plan proponents to develop ways for plans to proceed, but in a way that protects the long-term health of these important species.
N.O.A.A. has identified 19 threats to the survival of coral, including rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification, and coral disease. As carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the oceans warm beyond what corals can withstand, leading to bleaching, and the frequency and severity of disease outbreaks increase, causing die-offs.
This suggested listing is in response to a 2009 petition from the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) to list 83 coral species as threatened or endangered under the ESA. In 2011, N.O.A.A. and the CBD entered into a stipulated settlement arrangement requiring N.O.A.A. to submit for publication a suggestion as to 82 of the 83 coral species by April 15, 2012. In March 2012, the District Court for the Northern District of California approved an amended settlement arrangement ordering N.O.A.A. to submit a suggestion regarding the 82 coral species on or before December 1, 2012. All of these coral species being suggested for listing are already protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
N.O.A.A. used the best accessible scientific information to assess the status of the species and decide if the species met the ESA's definitions of endangered or threatened. Earlier this year, after publication of a peer-reviewed status review report and a outline management report, N.O.A.A. took an additional step of seeking public review prior to proposing the listing. N.O.A.A. received approximately 42,000 comments and collected 400 relevant scientific articles, reports, or presentations, which were all considered when making the suggested determination.
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For more information, background documents, and instructions on submitting comments, go to http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/11/82corals.html
