Acropora globiceps coral listed for protection under the Endangered Species Act. This species occurs in the Indo-Pacific; within US waters it occurs in Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, Pacific Remoste Island Areas and American Samoa. (Credit: NOAA)
N.O.A.A. announced today it will afford Endangered Species Act protections to 20 coral species. All 20 species will be listed as threatened, none as endangered. Fifteen of the newly listed species occur in the Indo-Pacific and 5 in the Caribbean.
"Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, providing habitat for many marine species. Protecting and conserving these biologically rich ecosystems is essential, and the Endangered Species Act gives us the tools to conserve and recover those corals most in need of protection," said Eileen Sobeck, assistant N.O.A.A. administrator for N.O.A.A. Fisheries. "The final decision is a result of the most extensive rulemaking ever undertaken by NOAA. The amount of scientific information sought, obtained and analyzed was unprecedented."
Today's announcement is a significant change from the suggested rule in November 2012. Since that time, many new scientific papers on climate change and coral habitat, distribution and abundance were published so that N.O.A.A. was able to consider and incorporate new information into the final decision. N.O.A.A. also considered extensive public comments as part of the final rule making.
The new information provided after the suggested rule was published strengthened the body of species-specific information accessible to N.O.A.A. for its final determination. The new information also improved the agency's understanding of coral habitat diversity, abundance, distribution and species-specific exposure to threats and their relative vulnerability or resilience.
"We want to thank our stakeholders and partners for their strong participation at each step of this process, and we look forward to working with the states, territories, commonwealths, local governments and all our stakeholders and partners to conserve these coral species and ensure they remain for future generations to enjoy," said Sobeck.
Oribicella faveolata coral listed for protection under the Endangered Species Act. This species occurs in the Caribbean; within US waters it occurs along Florida coast/Florida Keys in the Atlantic Ocean, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands and Gulf of Mexico. (Credit: NOAA)
N.O.A.A. will continue to work with communities to help them understand how the agency's decision may or may not affect them. The tools accessible under the Endangered Species Act are sufficiently flexible so that they can be used for partnerships with coastal jurisdictions, in a manner that will allow activity to move forward in a way that does not jeopardize listed coral. Currently no prohibitions exist relating to the newly listed species.
Coral reefs are critical to the health of marine ecosystems, and they face severe threats. Coral reefs world-wide have declined significantly - some individual species have declined by at least 90 percent. Healthy coral reefs provide shoreline protection for coastal communities and habitat for a variety of species, including commercially important fish. These benefits are lost when corals are degraded.
As part of this rule-making process, N.O.A.A. identified a number of threats to coral ecosystems. Some of the most serious threats include impacts related to climate change (rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification and disease), ecological effects of fishing, and poor land-use practices.
N.O.A.A. will work with partners on mitigation measures and recovery projects for the newly listed corals. These will likely include approaches that have shown success elsewhere, such as watershed management, to address land-based sediment pollution in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Hawaii, and restoration efforts in the Southeast where N.O.A.A. and partners are transplanting corals grown in nurseries to help recover degraded reefs.
More information about the final rule and rule-making process can be found online. [NOTE - ASSUME THIS LINK WILL GO LIVE WHEN MEDIA ARE NOTIFIED]
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