Global temperatures Eighth warmest on record for October

The globe experienced its 8th warmest October since record keeping began in 1880. Arctic sea ice extent was the 2nd smallest extent on record for October at 23.5 percent below average. Additionally, La Niña conditions strengthened during October 2011. According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, La Niña is expected to continue through the Northern Hemisphere winter.

This monthly analysis from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center is part of the suite of climate services N.O.A.A. provides government, business and community leaders so they can make informed decisions.

Global temperature highlights: October

• The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for October 2011 was the 8th warmest on record at 58.14 F (14.58 C), which is 1.04 F (0.58 C) above the 20th century average of 57.1 F (14.0 C). The margin of error associated with this temperature is +/- 0.13 F (0.07 C).
  
  
• The global land surface temperature was 1.98 F (1.10 C) above the 20th century average of 48.7 F (9.3 C), making this the Second warmest October on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.20 F (0.11 C). Warmer-than-average conditions occurred across Alaska, Canada, most of Europe and Russia, and Mongolia. Cooler-than-average regions included the southeastern United States, most of southern and western South America, parts of Algeria and Libya, part of Eastern Europe, and far southeast Asia.
  
  
• The global ocean surface temperature was 0.70 F (0.39 C) above the 20th century average of 60.6 F (15.9 C), making it the 11th warmest October on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.07 F (0.04 C). The warmth was most pronounced across the north central and northwest Pacific, the northeast Atlantic, and portions of the mid-latitude Southern oceans.
  
  
• The United Kingdom marked its warmest October since 2006 and 8th warmest in the last 100 years, at 3.6 F (2.0 C) above the 1971-2000 average.
  
  
• Several locations in Argentina experienced their coolest October in 5 decades.

Global temperature highlights: Year to date

• The combined global land and ocean average surface temperature for the January - October period was 0.95 F (0.53 C) above the 20th century average of 57.4 F (14.0 C), making it the Tenth warmest such period on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.16 F (0.09 C).
  
  
• The January - October worldwide land surface temperature was 1.53 F (0.85 C) above the 20th century average, the 6th warmest such period on record. The margin of error is +/- 0.34 F (0.19 C). The global ocean surface temperature for the year to date was 0.74 F (0.41 C) above the 20th century average and was the 12th warmest such period on record. The margin of error is +/-0.07 F (0.04 C).
  
  
• La Niña conditions strengthened during October 2011. According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, La Niña is expected to continue through the Northern Hemisphere winter 2011/2012.
  
  
• Monthly rainfall across Spain was 35 percent below average, the driest October since 1998.

Polar Sea Ice and Precipitation Highlights

• The average Arctic sea ice extent during October was 23.5 percent below average, ranking as the 2nd smallest October extent since satellite records began in 1979. The extent was 846,000 square miles (2.19 million square kilometers) below average and 127,000 square miles (330,000 square kilometers) larger than the record low October extent set in 2007.
  
  
• On the opposite pole, the October Antarctic monthly average ice extent was 1.2 percent above the 1979-2000 average, the 12th biggest on record.
  
  
• Despite a record-breaking snowstorm in the US Northeast, Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent during October was below average, and ranked as the 15th smallest October snow cover extent in the 44-year period of record. The North America and Eurasian land areas both had below-average snow cover during the month.

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* Included in this report: N.O.A.A. is now making it easier to find information about margins of error associated with its global temperature calculations. NCDC previously displayed this information in certain graphics associated with the report, but it will now publish these ranges in the form of "plus or minus" values associated with each monthly temperature calculation. These values are calculated using techniques published in peer-reviewed scientific literature. More information.

* In November, the GHCN-M version 3.1.0 dataset of monthly mean temperature replaced the GHCN-M version 3.0.0 monthly mean temperature dataset. Beginning with the October 2011 Global Monthly State of the Climate Report, GHCN-M version 3.1.0 is used for NCDC climate monitoring activities, including calculation of global land surface temperature anomalies and trends. More information on this transition can be found at: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/v3/techreports/

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