The American Chemical Society will designate the Keeling Curve - a long-term record of rising carbon dioxide in the planet's atmosphere -- as a National Historic Chemical Landmark in a ceremony April 30 at NOAA's Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii.
In March 1958, on a remote mountain slope at a newly established U.S. Weather Bureau observatory, the late geochemist Charles David Keeling of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, began taking measurements of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the years that followed, the systematic measurements Keeling started have become the most widely acknowledged record of mankind's impact on the Earth, linking rising levels of carbon dioxide from man's burning of fossil fuels to the warming of the planet. He passed away in 2005.
"The Keeling Curve is an icon of modern climate science," said Thomas J. Barton, Ph.D., immediate past president of the American Chemical Society. "Dave Keeling's meticulous research provided scientifically credible evidence that has proved critical to understanding and addressing human impacts on our environment. Keeling acknowledged in 1960 that fossil fuels are driving global atmospheric change, which presents serious challenges for Earth and its people. The global impacts of climate change are what make Keeling's work so important, and so celebrated, today."
The iconic Keeling Curve shows the steady rise of carbon dioxide concentrations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. (Credit: NOAA).
Keeling had been seeking key locations to continuously measure carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with a new analytical tool called an infrared gas analyzer. Harry Wexler, director of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau, the predecessor to NOAA's National Weather Service, suggested he conduct tests at the bureau's Mauna Loa observatory.
Set up in 1956, the Mauna Loa observatory offers a unique location 11,135 feet above sea level and far from most human influences to monitor sunlight and air. The N.O.A.A. observatory continues today as a cornerstone of NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, measuring a range of greenhouse gases, ozone depleting gases, air pollutants and the sun's radiation. N.O.A.A. scientists take continuous measurements from Mauna Loa and in excess of 70 sites around the world. These high-quality data provide vital environmental intelligence for understanding global weather and climate.
The work of Charles David Keeling and the partnership that he formed with N.O.A.A. continues today. Keeling's son Ralph Keeling now leads the Scripps Coloradotwo Group. The Mauna Loa location is among ten locations from the South Pole to Alaska at which air samples are regularly collected in flasks for analysis for the Scripps Coloradotwo Group.
A 2nd ceremony on June twelve to unveil a plaque marking the National Historic Chemical Landmark designation will take place at Ritter Hall on the Scripps campus, the location of Keeling's lab where the current Scripps Coloradotwo Group operations continue today.
This photo shows the N.O.A.A. Mauna Loa Observatory, a small collection of buildings where key measurements are taken on air and sunlight. (Credit: NOAA).
"This plaque is a great tribute to all the people who worked tirelessly over the years to sustain these detailed measurements," said Ralph Keeling. "The Mauna Loa Coloradotwo record changed how we view the world. It proved for the 1st time that humans were altering the composition of air globally, and it thereby legitimized the concern over human-caused climate change."
"From our early days as Survey of the Coast and the U.S. Weather Bureau, N.O.A.A. has used a network of observational tools to keep a finger on the pulse of our changing planet," said Richard W. Spinrad, NOAA's chief scientist. "Charles David Keeling's visionary research has been an instrumental tool in our ability to monitor, observe, and record the rise of carbon dioxide in our planet's atmosphere and the implications that has on the Earth's overall health."
At the April 30 ceremony, N.O.A.A. will also honor the 5 U.S. Weather Bureau and N.O.A.A. scientists who carried out the day-to-day continuous measurements of carbon dioxide on Mauna Loa from 1958 to the present.
The 1st monthly average carbon dioxide reading at Mauna Loa was 315.7 parts per million (ppm) in March 1958. Evidence later obtained from polar ice showed prehistoric concentrations from 180 ppm to 280 ppm. Concentrations have continued to rise. In March 2015, the latest full month measured, the monthly average was 401.5 ppm.
Scripps scientist Charles David Keeling (left) stands with N.O.A.A. scientist John Chin who directed carbon dioxide measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory for N.O.A.A. and its predecessor the U.S. Weather Bureau from 1964 to 2000. Photo was taken in 1997 when the building at Mauna Loa Observatory was named for Keeling. (Credit: NOAA, John Miller/ N.O.A.A. Mauna Loa Observatory archive).
The American Chemical Society established the National Historic Chemical Landmarks plan in 1992 to recognize seminal events in the history of chemistry and to increase awareness of the contributions of chemistry to the well-being of society. Other subjects acknowledged through this plan have included the development of synthetic plastics, the discovery of penicillin, and the work of notable figures such as Rachel Carson, Joseph Priestley and George Washington Carver. For more information about the program, visit www.acs.org/landmarks.
The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With in excess of 158,000 members, ACS is the world's biggest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
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