Sea surface temperature anomaly during the peak of the 2009-10 El Niņo, the strongest Central Pacific El Niņo observed to date.
High resolution (Credit: Image produced by Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Centre (PO.DAAC) of N.A.S.A. JPL.)
A relatively new type of El Niņo, which has its warmest waters in the central-equatorial Pacific Ocean, rather than in the eastern-equatorial Pacific, is becoming more common and progressively stronger, according to a new study by N.A.S.A. and NOAA. The research may enhance our understanding of the relationship between El Niņos and climate change, and has potential significant implications for long-term weather forecasting.
Lead author Tong Lee of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and Michael McPhaden of NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Lab in Seattle measured changes in El Niņo intensity since 1982. They analyzed N.O.A.A. satellite observations of sea surface temperature, checked against and blended with directly-measured ocean temperature data. The strength of each El Niņo was gauged by how much its sea surface temperatures deviated from the average. They found the intensity of El Niņos in the central Pacific has nearly doubled over the study period, with the most intense event occurring in 2009-10.
The scientists say the stronger El Niņos help explain a steady rise in central Pacific sea surface temperatures observed over the past few decades in previous studies - a trend attributed by some to the effects of global warming. While Lee and McPhaden observed a rise in sea surface temperatures during El Niņo years, no significant temperature increases were seen in years when ocean conditions were neutral, or when El Niņo's cool water counterpart, La Niņa, was present.
"Our study concludes the long-term warming trend seen in the central Pacific is primarily due to more intense El Niņos, rather than a general rise of background temperatures," said Lee.
"These results suggest climate change may already be affecting El Niņo by shifting the center of action from the eastern to the central Pacific," said McPhaden. "El Niņo's impact on global weather patterns is different if ocean warming occurs primarily in the central Pacific, instead of the eastern Pacific."
"If the trend we observe continues," McPhaden continued, "it could throw a monkey wrench into long-range weather forecasting, which is largely based on our understanding of El Niņos from the latter half of the 20th century."
El Niņo (Spanish for "the little boy") is the oceanic component of a climate pattern called the El Niņo-Southern Oscillation, which appears in the tropical Pacific Ocean on average every 3 to 5 years. The most dominant year-to-year fluctuating pattern in Earth's climate system, El Niņos have a powerful impact on the ocean and atmosphere, as well as important socioeconomic consequences. They can influence global weather patterns and the occurrence and frequency of hurricanes, droughts and floods; and can even raise or lower global temperatures by as much as 0.2 degrees Celsius (0.4 degrees Fahrenheit).
During a "classic" El Niņo episode, the normally strong easterly trade winds in the tropical eastern Pacific weaken. That weakening suppresses the normal upward movement of cold subsurface waters and allows warm surface water from the central Pacific to shift toward the Americas. In these situations, unusually warm surface water occupies much of the tropical Pacific, with the maximum ocean warming remaining in the eastern-equatorial Pacific.
Since the early 1990s, however, scientists have noted a new type of El Niņo that has been occurring with greater frequency. Known variously as "central-Pacific El Niņo," "warm-pool El Niņo," "dateline El Niņo" or "El Niņo Modoki" (Japanese for "similar but different"), the maximum ocean warming from such El Niņos is found in the central-equatorial, rather than eastern, Pacific. Such central Pacific El Niņo events were observed in 1991-92, 1994-95, 2002-03, 2004-05 and 2009-10. Studies have hypothesized that global warming due to human-produced greenhouse gases could shift the warming center of El Niņos from the eastern to the central Pacific, further increasing the frequency of such events in the future.
Lee said further research is needed to evaluate the impacts of these increasingly intense El Niņos and determine why these changes are occurring. "It is important to know if the increasing intensity and frequency of these central Pacific El Niņos are due to natural variations in climate or to climate change caused by human-produced greenhouse gas emissions," he said.
Results of the study were published recently in Geophysical Research Letters.
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